Lovely Charts

I’ve been playing with Lovely Charts this morning. For those interested, here’s a network diagram of my home network. (I just wish there was a TV icon to attach to the “TV” laptop.)

Keen meets Godwin

Andrew Keene is the author of The Cult of the Amateur and someone who is convinced that Web 2.0 is leading to the end of civilization as we know it.

(Mike) Godwin's Law: "As a Usenet discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler approaches one."

Keene's recent article in The Daily Beast:

Imagine if today’s radically unregulated Internet, with its absence of fact checkers and editorial gatekeepers, had existed back then. Imagine that universal broadband had been available to enable the unemployed to read the latest conspiracy theories about the Great Crash on the blogosphere. Imagine the FDR-baiting, Hitler-loving Father Charles Coughlin, equipped with his “personalized” YouTube channel, able, at a click of a button, to distribute his racist message to the suffering masses. Or imagine a marketing genius like the Nazi chief propagandist Josef Goebbels managing a viral social network of anti-Semites which could coordinate local meet-ups to assault Jews and Communists.

Mr. Keen, please, please go away your arguments have officially lost any merit due to Reductio ad Hitlerum.

Brian Williams FTW!

Thanks cogscilibrarian

RE: Against the Machine by Lee Siegel

Back in June 2007 I wrote a response/review of Andrew Keen's The Cult of the Amateur, a book that wasn't exactly pro-Internet/Web 2.0. However, I'm a firm believer that it helps to make your case if you're familiar with the counter arguments. Though it cam out a few months ago, I finally found the time to get through a similar title, Against the Machine by Lee Siegel.

I can say that this book isn't nearly as outrageous and reactionary as Keen's book was. Most of the arguments Siegel presents are rational and make sense even if you don't agree with him. For most of the book I wasn't finding anything that upset me enough to actually write this post. Then I got to page 143:

A twenty-four-year-old names Ryan Jordan was caught masquerading on Wikipedia as a tenured professor of religion. He used the pseudonym Essjay and aroused suspicion when readers began to wonder why a professor of religion was meticulously revision the encyclopedia's article on pop star Justin Timberlake. By then, Jordan has created or edited hundreds of articles. He has even been made an "administrator" and was part of Wikipedia's trusted inner circle of editors.

Wikipedia calls these instances of untruth "vandalism," as if the encyclopedia were experiencing an onslaught of invaders from beyond its boundaries. But the "vandals" are part of the Wikipedia enterprise, just as Jordan was. They've been invited to participate in its creation just like every other "Wikipedian."

Here's my problem with this, and with every other accounting of the events he's talking about: no one has indicated that anything Essjay contributed was actually wrong. I'm not necessarily defending Essjay's misrepresentations of his qualifications but that's not the point. If what he wrote was correct, what's the problem?

As for what Essjay did write, wrong or not, that's not the definition of wiki vandalism. To be considered vandalism, there needs to be intent. If Essjay was intentionally contributing bad/wrong information, the fine. But what he did wasn't vandalism, this is vandalism.

My other major point of disagreement comes when Me. Siegel talkax about the "open secrets" of the new Web. On page 158 lists "Open Secret Number One":

Bloggers' ability to revise or erase their writing without leaving any trace of the original post is the very antithesis of their claims of freedom and access and choice. The freedom and access and choice are theirs, not their readers'.

This is hardly an open secret because it just plain isn't true. Someone has forgotten about the Google and this thing called the cache. Oh, and there's the Wayback Machine too. Every time someone changes their blog significantly, say deleting a post they later regret, someone always seems to find the original and makes a bigger stink over the fact that the change/deletion was made than of the original content itself. (Anyone recall the story of all of Violet Blue's content being deleted from Boing Boing?)

So anyway, that's my two cents on this title.

Barack's VP: Be the First to Know

Dear Michael --

Barack Obama is about to make one of the most important decisions of this campaign -- choosing a running mate.

You have helped build this movement from the bottom up, and Barack wants you to be the first to know his choice.

Sign up today to be the first to know:

http://my.barackobama.com/vp

You will receive an email the moment Barack makes his decision, or you can text VP to 62262 to receive a text message on your mobile phone.

Once you've signed up, please forward this email to your friends, family, and coworkers to let them know about this special opportunity.

No other campaign has done this before. You can be part of this important moment.

Be the first to know who Barack selects as his running mate.

Thanks,
David

David Plouffe
Campaign Manager
Obama for America

Paid for by Obama for America

Mesh the cloud and your desk

I don't suspect that I'm a "typical" computer user with my daily working with four different computers and constant travel but most of my readers I'm sure have at least a home and office computer. I'm also pretty sure that at some point you've "left that important file on the other computer" and have no easy way of getting it short of calling someone to get them to e-mail it to you. Great if your office is open and the file is small, but getting a file at 7am when you're presenting at 8, and it's a 10MB PPT file and you're basically screwed.

I've played with many different services to synchronize devices in the past my most of them are cumbersome at best, hardly functional at worst. However, yesterday I was given access to the "tech preview" of Windows Live Mesh and all I can saw is "where have you been all my life." (Supposedly this is open to everyone in the US but I've heard reports that so many people tried to access it yesterday that they've since closed it to new users again. So, your ability to register may vary.)

So, let me take you on a tour of Live Mesh and explain to you what it does and (basically) how it works.

First you head over to http://www.mesh.com/ and select the Sign in button. (I recommend you do this in IE as opposed to Firefox. I'll explain why later.)

All you need to log in is a Windows Live ID. (This is what was originally Windows Passport.) If you already have one, just use it to log in. If not, follow the instructions for getting one.

Once signed in you'll be presented with the Devices screen. At first you'll only see choices for "Live Desktop" and "Add Device". Here you'll see that I've already added three devices and currently two of them are running and connected to Live Mesh. (NLC Desktop is not. Why, later.)

To add a device to your Mesh select the Add Device icon, choose from the list of available device types (right now just 32-bit XP/Vista and 64-bit Vista PCs) and click the Install button.

I don't have screenshots of the install process since most of it happens behind the scenes. You'll be asked to Run a downloaded install.exe and once run a status balloon will appear in above your system tray telling you that Live Mesh is being installed. You'll eventually be told that Live Mesh is starting and ultimately be asked to log in with your LiveID. At this point you'll also be asked to name your computer to be able to tell it from the others in your Mesh.

Once this process has been successfully completed your device will be listed on your Live Mesh devices screen.

In the case of my "NLC Desktop" the installation program did run but I was asked for the admin username and password for the computer. Since I didn't have that information I clicked cancel thinking that was that. Well, it still lists my device and I still have access to the synching functions of Live Mesh. However, I do not have the remote desktop feature. Go figure..

This next screenshot shows the listing for my "Home Desktop" which did install completely and correctly. For this device I have both synching and remote access.

Even if you don't add any devices, Live Mesh will give you access to a "Desktop" which I've shown below. Here you can store files and create folders just as you would with other online storage services such as Windows Live Sky Drive. This feature alone is worth taking a look at.

In my case I've created a folder for upcoming speaking engagements and can upload files into it. When I'm later at a different location and don't have one of my computers with me I can simply log into my account, and download the file to that new local computer without installing any of the Live Mesh software.

For example, I'm at a library to give a presentation and they do not have the ability to hook my laptop up to their projector. All I need to do is get on their computer, launch the browser, log into my Live Mesh account, got to the desktop, find my PPT file, and open it. This will download the file to the local computer and open it accordingly. A great way to backup files you might need later. Total amount of online storage allowed at this time: 5GB.

What you'll also see attached to the folder off to the right is a secondary window displaying information about your account and the files contained within the folder you're currently viewing. The next screenshot shows the "News" about that folder. I'll get back to this in more detail when I talk about folder synching.

Next you can see the Members information for this folder. Live Mesh has the ability to share files and folders between account holders. As I do not yet know anyone else using Live Mesh I've not yet had the opportunity to play with this feature.

The third bit of information is about which Devices this folder is synched with. Again, more about this shortly.

To create a new folder select "Create new folder" on the desktop and give the new folder a name.

Additionally, when you create a new folder you can set the synchronization options for that folder, essentially choosing which of your devices you wish to have copies of the content of that folder.

The "News" link at the top of the window will show you the recent activity (mostly relating to synching of data) for your account. I'm assuming that this information is more useful when you have multiple people sharing folders and documents so you can see who's done what with which files.

Once you have created a folder on your Live Mesh desktop you can then choose to sync the content of that folder with a folder on one or more of your devices. I've done that with my Speaking folder. Below shows what that folder now looks like on my NLC laptop. The shiny blue folder indicates that this folder is being synched via Live Mesh. (The folders do not need to have the same name but I've done so just to keep things clear.)

Once I open that folder I'll get the additional information window attached to its right side. This info window contains the same content as the one on the Live Mesh desktop: News, Members, and Synchronized Devices. (Shown in the next three screenshots.)

This information window can also be collapsed by clicking on the "<<", reducing it to a smaller bar of icons. Click the ">>" or any of the icons to open the information window.

That's what it looks like, but what exactly does it do? Well, synched files will mirror exactly what's been done in all the versions of that folder across your Live Mesh desktop and any synched devices. Here's what I've done:

I've got a "Speaking" folder on all four of my computers. This folder should contain copies of all the files relevant to my upcoming speaking engagements. The trouble has always been keeping track of which computer held the most recent version. This is no longer a problem. Once I set up the sync across all my computers, Live Mesh took over and made sure that the content of my Speaking folder on all the computers had the exact same content.

Now, whenever I change a file by renaming it, moving it, copying it, deleting it, or editing it's content, at the soonest available time, Live Mesh will cause those changes to be reflected on all the other computers. For example, if I'm at home and decide to work on a PowerPoint presentation, I just open it on my home laptop, make the changes, and click save. When I get into the office the next morning and turn on that computer, Live Mesh will notice the changes and replace the now old version on the office computer with the new version from my home computer.

At all times, the versions sitting on my Live Mesh desktop will always be the current version.

If I upload a new file to the Live Mesh desktop version of the folder, copies will be sent down to all my devices automatically.

In other words, I no longer have to worry about making sure that the correct version of the files I need are on any of my computers. No matter where I work on them, they'll all have the correct version. What could be better?

There are different options for controlling how files are Synched. These options can be found by right-clicking on the folder on the Live Mesh desktop and selecting Change sync settings.

You'll then see the Change synchronization setting for this folder window.

You can now choose to change the method of synching, including turning synching off, on a device by device basis.

The other major feature of Live Mesh is the ability to create a remote desktop session. To do this go back to your Devices list, select the appropriate (connected) device, and click the Connect button.

Here's the IE vs. Firefox bit. The remote desktop feature will not work in Firefox as it relies on ActiveX controls. Everything else, will work in Firefox just fine. (I've just used the "Open in IE" Firefox extension to automatically launch IE whenever I go to the Live Mesh site so I don't every have to be frustrated when I try to open a remote session.)

The first time you connect to a new device some ActiveX controls will need to be installed. This is only a problem for some as you need admin privileges for these to install successfully. (This is why in earlier screenshots you see that "NLC Desktop" is not connected. I don't have admin-level access to that computer.)

Once the ActiveX controls are installed you'll see a screen telling you that it is attempting to connect. In my experience this can take up to 30 seconds to work.

Once connected it works just like the traditional, but hard to set up, Windows Remote Desktop.

Tips are displayed off to the right including links to send a CTRL-ALT-DEL to the remote computer, blank the screen on the remote computer so no one can watch what you're doing at the remote location, and to show the remote desktop at 100% instead of the default "fit to window" as I've show above.

Additionally, there's an arrow in the bar across the top which when clicked switches you into a full-screen mode, essentially turning your computer into the remote computer.

But, you may ask, why is this any better than the traditional Windows Remote Desktop? That's easy, with Live Mesh you can copy and paste across computers! This is something you couldn't previously do. You still can't drag and drop between the local and remote computers but you can easily find the needed file on the remote computer, copy it, switch to the local computer and paste. It's a little slow (a 250MB video file insisted that it was going to take four hours to copy so I didn't bother) but if you forgot a 5MB PPT file, this is a great solution.

AS you may expect, not all is roses. Live Mesh is definitely impressive and solves a lot of the issues that I've been having keeping four different computers in sync, and for retrieving remote files while I'm on the road. However, there's definite room for improvement.

• The support for mobile devices, and maybe more importantly, Mac clients will be essential for large scale implementation.
  
• I have yet to get Live Mesh started on my home Vista laptop. It seems to have installed just fine but keeps telling me "Failed to start Live Mesh". I've searched all the forums and I do know that I'm not the only person with this problem. Considering that it did install and run earlier in the day I suspect that this may be due to the alleged closing of the tech preview.
  
• Remote desktop is a bit slow. In the past I've been using a combination of Hamachi & RealVNC for my remote desktop sessions and that is faster. This is due to RealVNC reducing the umber of the colors displayed in the remote session thus allowing the screen to redraw faster. Live Mesh keeps full colors and only removes the wallpaper. I'd like to see an option to change the number of displayed colors based on connection speed.
  
• This last one is a bit odd. It turns out that Live Mesh requires User Account Control (UAC) to be enabled in Vista before it will install. On my home laptop I'd completely disabled UAC. (This isn't something I actually recommend.) However, when I first tried to install Live Mesh on that laptop I got the following error message. (It looks like Microsoft isn't kidding about this UAC thing.)

So there you have it, my initial impressions of Windows Live Mesh. I'm sure there's features I've missed and I'm looking forward to using it to share documents with others. (Is you're willing to play, get an account and let me know. I've got five sharing invites to give out.) The bottom line: this is a great product and could only get better.

OpenCongress.org

I've got to admit that I don't track my representative and senators as much as I should. This is about to change. I just found OpenCongress.org and so far I'm impressed. Create an account and it will find your rep and senators for you. From there you can add more, track legislation, get related news stories, leave comments and even vote yea/nay on individual bills. Oh, and you can subscribe to all of it via RSS! So, now whenever Rep Fortenberry, or Senators Hagel or Nelson do something, I'll know about it.

You can also create blog widgets to track legislation. Here's one on the recent FISA bill.

Feel free to add me as a friend. My username is msauers.

The Gen-Y Guide to Web 2.0@Work

| View | Upload your own

Read the full article: Why Gen Y Is Going to Change the Web on ReadWriteWeb.

Addictomatic: Inhale the Web

I'm not typically a fan of meta-search engines but Addictomatic (sent in my my coworker Cathy) looks interesting. In a very 2.0-ish way it presents to you results from sites such as flickr, live.com, Google blog search, Digg, technorati, YouTube, and many others. Each box containing search results can be repositioned on the screen via drag-and-drop. Here's a few screenshots to give you an idea before you try it out.

Thing #19: Pandora

This Thing had us wandering about in the list of Web 2.0 Awards nominees, and picking one to write about. I picked the music category and what do I find as nominee #1? Pandora! One of the single best music sites on the Internet.

Here's how it works. You start with an artist or a song that you like and create a "station". That song is then played for you, followed by another, and another, and another, all fitting into the same general style as your original song. To adjust the types of songs that are being sent to you, click on the thumbs up or thumbs down for the song currently being played. Too much bass in that song, thumbs down. That song's perfect, thumbs up. It's a great way to hear artists you may not be familiar with.

I mostly use Pandora at home. Despite an extensive CD collection (thousands) most of which is not yet on my network, I'll often got to Pandora on the laptop hooked up to my HDTV and have Pandora supply the soundtrack for the afternoon.

Here's the favorite of my stations based on the classics of Miles Davis. This and my other stations can be access through my profile page.

RE: The Cult of the Amateur

Teresa has pointed out to me that Andrew Keen thinks that Web 2.0 is causing more damage in the UK than in the US. Over there the title of his book has an additional four words — The Cult of the Amateur: How Today's Internet Is Killing Our Culture and Assaulting Our Economy. [emphasis added]

"Amateur" isn't the right word

Later today I should finish reading Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die by Chip & Dan Heath, an excellent book which anyone who gives presentations or is trying to effect change should read. However, this is not a review of the book, it's a follow-up to my post on Andrew Keen's The Cult of the Amateur. (Like a Zombie rising from the ground and slowly following me with a pronounced limp, mumbling "Braiiiiins", this book will just not leave me alone.)

In this book the Heath brothers point to six factors that make ideas stick. Those factors are simple, unexpected, concrete, credible, emotional, and stories. In the chapter on the concrete factor they talk about an idea's credibility and the difference between something that is concrete and something that's an abstraction. On page 113 I read the following:

"But if concreteness is so powerful, why do we slip so easily into abstraction?

"The reason is simple: because the difference between an expert and a novice is the ability to think abstractly." [emphasis added]

Reading those words immediately made me think of Keen's Expert v. Amateur. The problem isn't experts v. amateurs it's experts v. novices. If you want to use the word amateur against something, it should be professionals v. amateurs. In other words, the central premise of Keen's book, that if you're an amateur, you're not an expert is flawed at best, wrong at worst.

What this comes down to is the definition of the word "amateur". What you would expect me to do here is to delve into that a little further but this week I also found someone else, whom I admire and respect, that has seemed to come to the same conclusion as I have (at least when it comes to Keen's flawed use of the the word amateur) and has explained it much more eloquently than I ever will. Lawrence Lessig goes into this in his blog post about Keen's book in the section "The Amateur Fallacy" so I'll let you read it there. If for no other reason than to get you to read his complete post as it clearly rebuts each instance in which Keen attempts to use Lessig to prove his point.

Hopefully, this will be my last post on Keen's work but something tells me that I've not yet got a clear shot at the zombie's head just yet.

The Cult of the Amateur a (partial) response

Yesterday I started reading The Cult of the Amateur by Andrew Keen a 228 page polemic, a la Michael Gorman, against Web 2.0, blogs, Wikipedia, "citizen journalism", and mashups, and that's just in the first 50 pages. I call this a "partial response" as 50 pages is all I've read so far. I do plan on reading the rest of the book but I've been taking notes and I've got a lot to say already. At this rate I'll respond to what I've read so far and then probably not blog about the book any further. Based on how much I have to say from just over 20% of the book, I won't have the time necessary to do this five more times. So, here we go...

Mr. Keen starts out by explaining how he got to where he is regarding his opinion on Web 2.0. It all began at the Friends of O'Reily (FOO) weekend in which the current digerati were practically worshiping the concepts Keen is writing against. The point of the point of the weekend, as is Web 2.0, was to participate. Instead Keen "stopped participating and sat back and watched." I would argue that this is exactly the central problem with the book. Instead of participating and trying to change things that he doesn't like, he instead watches from the outside, sitting on the pedestal he's placed himself on, and complains about practically everything. This just turns into an "the old way was the better way" argument and won't bring many people to your side. It just makes you sound whiny and impotent.

On page 17 Keen equates intellectual property theft with stifled creativity. I don't want to turn this into a discussion of the current state of our copyright laws but when I first read this I thought "but what about mashups? They're creative." Well, Keen speaks of mashups later and views them as nothing but theft and utterly lacking in creativity. I defy anyone to listen to either The Grey Album or American Edit and tell me there's not creativity there.

On page 19, Keen gives two example of how mainstream media (MSM) has exposed information posted on blogs as being totally false yet completely ignores the fact that blogs have exposed falsehoods in MSM also. Has he forgotten the conservative bloggers that exposed the inaccuracies in 60 Minute's reporting on Bush's National Guard service record?

On page 20 Keen dives into Wikipedia and complains about the inaccuracies reported within minutes of Ken Lay's death on Wikipedia's Kenneth Lay page. He "demonstrates" Wikipedia's "problems" by quoting how the page inconsistently reported his death within the (what one assumes to be) first six minutes after his death was announced. Since this was a developing event that's hardly a great way to prove it's inaccurate. No matter what the medium inaccuracies will be reported, and later corrected, when it comes to developing stories. Go back and read things that were reported on CNN and the like within minutes of the planes hitting on 9/11. I'm sure that within the first minutes you could find some inaccuracies having been reported within MSM too.

Pages 29-30 talk about the Long Tail and how despite there being more content there is a "scarcity of talent". Now, I'm not one to argue using statistics but my theory is that there isn't a scarcity of talent, just that there's more talentless people than talented ones. So, the more people you throw into the pool the more it will seem like there's less talent. For example, if you have a group on 100 people and 20 of them have talent, that seems like a lot of talented people. However, if you have a group of 1,000 people and 200 of them are talented it seems like there's not that many talented people. 20% are still talented, it's just maybe a little harder to find them in a larger pool. Additionally, the more opportunity there is, as afforded by the tools Keen is complaining about, I would argue that the more likely a talented person is to get a chance to prove how talented they are. Not everyone needs a Doctorate in music to be a great musician.

Page 31 has Keen pointing out a central failing of blogs, as part of the long tail, is that no one is making any money at it. This assumes that all bloggers are, or at least should be, in it for the money and if they aren't we shouldn't care what they have to say. False premise. False conclusion.

Page 32 states "artificial intelligence is a poor substitute for taste" when comparing online automated recommendation systems to reviews printed in the New York Times, the Financial Times, the New Yorker, and the Chicago Sun-Times. To use an old cliche, apples and oranges. There's a difference between a review of a movie and "if you liked this, you might like this". In the first case, with limited exception, the review is of the single film (album, book, etc.) while the recommendation is in a context of other films (albums, books, etc. and in many cases cross-referencing the different types of media. When did you last hear Roger Ebert say that if you likes that album, you'd like this film.)

"The professional is being replaced by the amateur, the lexicographer by the layperson, the Harvard professor by the unschooled populace" Keen says on page 37 in his comparison of Wikipedia to the Encyclopedia Britannica and the Oxford English Dictionary. I would counter that the idea of Wikipedia was not to replace but to supplement. Those that don't understand that difference should be instructed in it, not told to ignore one source out of hand.

On page 40 Keen brings up the often used story of essjay, a well-known Wikipedia editor "was discovered to have made false claims on his Wikipedia user page and in a phone interview concerning his age, job, activities, background, and academic credentials." (This quote is from the linked Wikipedia article, not Keene's book as I feel it described the situation better than what Keen wrote.) The trouble is, neither Keen, nor anyone else I've read (including the Wikipedia article itself) whether essjay's edits were ever incorrect. My suspicion is that he was good at what he did as all anyone can attack him for is that he lied about his credentials. I'm not justifying his lying but think about it: would anyone have taken him seriously if he had told the truth. I'm sure Mr. Keen wouldn't have.

In Keen's overly brief bio of Jimmy Wales on page 41 he says "...Wales first discovered the Internet as a teenager playing Multi-User Dungeon (MUD) fantasy games such as Zork, Myst, and the Scepter of Goth." This is just wrong. As far as I recall neither Zork nor Myst were connected to the Internet nor were they MUDs. Zork came on 5.25" floppies and Myst on CD-ROM. (Correct me if I'm wrong but it looks like someone didn't do their research on this statement...) Also, the way it's written it implies that anyone who played online D&D-like games as a kid obviously has something wrong with them today as an adult.

On page 45 Keen practically blames Wikipedia for layoffs at Encyclopedia Britannica and "no doubt more lay-offs are to come". If Wikipedia's to blame so is Microsoft for putting out Encarta (both on CD/DVD and online). Let's ignore the US economy too.

On page 47 Keen is clear to point out (parenthetically) that "in February 2007, the Middlebury College history department banned students from citing Wikipesia as a source for research papers." Good for them. However, if they're allowing college students to cite an encyclopedia they're still being irresponsible. Even Jimmy Wales says that Wikipedia shouldn't be used as a primary source. If you need to set up rules like this for your students there's a problem with how and what they're being taught, not a problem with a particular resource.

Lastly, on page 49, Keen quotes Al Saracevic, deputy business editor of the San Francisco Chronicle, saying the following: "In America, bloggers don't go to jail for their work. That's the difference between professionals and amateurs." The date on this quote is "fall 2006" so I'll possibly cut Keen some slack, but this statement is no longer true, and may not have been at the time it was said. Check out this article from the Washington Post about blogger Josh Wolf who, by March 2007 had spent six months in jail for contempt of court "for refusing to turn over a videotape he shot of a violent San Francisco demonstration against a Group of Eight summit meeting." Six months as of March would have put him behind bars in October (the fall of) 2006. Mr. Saracevic may not have been aware of the case at the time, or it may have happened after he made that statement but it's both no longer true and chilling.

Like I said, I'm going to finish reading the book if for nothing else than to better know the arguments of that side of the debate. I am a teacher after all and should know these things whether I agree with them or not. However, I'm finding myself wishing it was over already. The book is unashamedly one-sided and so far contains not a single "well maybe the other side has a point".

When I posted on Twitter (not mentioned in the book, I checked the index) that I was reading this I was thanked for "taking a hit for the team." After just a 10 pages I responded that it felt "more like I'm taking a bazooka to the face."

Web 2.0

Explained in a 4 minute video by a professor at Kansas State University. (No, it's not boring. Watch it.)